Details of the Metabolic Reaction (MR)

General Information of This Metabolic Reaction (MR) (ID: MR001537)
Formula
GLUL ...
SVG example
Reactant L-glutamine Product L-glutamate
Reactant Info Product Info
Metabolic Enzyme Glutamine synthetase (GLUL) DME Info
L-glutamine amidohydrolase (GLS) DME Info
Other MR(s) Related to The Reactant of This MR
Other MR(s) That Metabolize The Reactant of This MR
MR ID Reactant Product MR Type Related Drug REF
MR001542 L-glutamine Amino sugars Unclear L-glutamine [1]
MR001538 L-glutamine Dihydropteroate Unclear L-glutamine [2], [3], [4]
MR001539 L-glutamine Glucosamine-6-phosphate Oxidation - Deamination L-glutamine [1]
MR001540 L-glutamine Purines Unclear L-glutamine [1]
MR001541 L-glutamine Pyrimidines Unclear L-glutamine [1]
Other MR(s) Related to The Product of This MR
Other MR(s) That Produce The Product of This MR
MR ID Reactant Product MR Type Related Drug REF
MR000200 Ammonia L-glutamate Unclear Ammonia [5]
MR004452 Oxoglutarate Glutamate Unclear Oxoglutarate [6]
MR007606 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid Glutamate Unclear Proline [7]
MR012761 GABA Glutamate Unclear - Unclear Gamma hydroxybutyric acid [8]
MR007251 5-oxoproline Glutamate Unclear ANW-43980 [9]
MR008809 Glutamic semialdehyde L-Glutamate Unclear - Unclear L-Proline [10], [11], [12], [10]
MR012742 L-Glutamyl-y-semialdehyde L-Glutamate Unclear - Unclear Arginine [13]
MR004917 2-(o-carboxybenzamido)glutaric acid Glutamic acid Conjugation - Amide Hydrolyation Thalidomide [14]
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Other MR(s) That Metabolize The Produtc of This MR
MR ID Reactant Product MR Type Related Drug REF
MR001521 L-glutamate 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid Unclear L-glutamine [1]
MR001522 L-glutamate Alpha-ketoglutarate Hydrolysis - Hydrolyzation L-glutamine [15], [16], [17]
MR004454 Glutamate Amino acid Unclear Oxoglutarate [6]
MR001523 L-glutamate GABA Oxidation - Decarboxylation L-glutamine [18], [16]
MR000199 L-glutamate Glutamine Unclear Ammonia [19]
MR004453 Glutamate Glutamine Unclear Oxoglutarate [6]
MR012762 Glutamate Alpha-ketoglutarate Unclear - Unclear Gamma hydroxybutyric acid [8]
MR008810 L-Glutamate Alpha-ketoglutarate Unclear - Unclear L-Proline [20]
MR012745 L-Glutamate Alpha-Ketoglutarate Unclear - Unclear Arginine [13]
MR012743 L-Glutamate GABA Unclear - Unclear Arginine [13]
MR012744 L-Glutamate L-Glutamine Unclear - Unclear Arginine [13]
MR014135 Glutamic acid Phthalic Acid Conjugation - Amide Hydrolyation Thalidomide [14]
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References
1 The Emerging Role of l-Glutamine in Cardiovascular Health and Disease Nutrients. 2019 Sep 4;11(9):2092. doi: 10.3390/nu11092092.
2 Mutagenesis of folylpolyglutamate synthetase indicates that dihydropteroate and tetrahydrofolate bind to the same site. Biochemistry. 2008 Feb 26;47(8):2388-96.
3 Exploring the contributions of two glutamate decarboxylase isozymes in Lactobacillus brevis to acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid production. Microb Cell Fact. 2018 Nov 19;17(1):180.
4 GABA production and structure of gadB/gadC genes in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains from human microbiota. Anaerobe. 2016 Dec;42:197-204.
5 Model-guided identification of a therapeutic strategy to reduce hyperammonemia in liver diseases J Hepatol. 2016 Apr;64(4):860-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.018.
6 The Emergence of 2-Oxoglutarate as a Master Regulator Metabolite
7 Proline metabolism in cancer
8 U. S. FDA Label -Gamma hydroxybutyric acid
9 Sexual dimorphism in glutathione metabolism and glutathione-dependent responses
10 L-proline dehydrogenases in hyperthermophilic archaea: distribution, function, structure, and application
11 Structural analysis of prolines and hydroxyprolines binding to the l-glutamate--semialdehyde dehydrogenase active site of bifunctional proline utilization A
12 Structural basis for the stereospecific inhibition of the dual proline/hydroxyproline catabolic enzyme ALDH4A1 by trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline
13 Arginine Metabolism Revisited
14 Thalidomide metabolism and hydrolysis: mechanisms and implications
15 -KG inhibits tumor growth of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by inducing ROS and TP53-mediated ferroptosis. Cell Death Discov. 2023 Jun 12;9(1):182. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01475-1.
16 The delta subunit of the GABA(A) receptor is necessary for the GPT2-promoted breast cancer metastasis. Theranostics. 2023 Feb 21;13(4):1355-1369. doi: 10.7150/thno.80544.
17 The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response. Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 25;14:1018076. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1018076.
18 Glutamate decarboxylase-dependent acid resistance in orally acquired bacteria: function, distribution and biomedical implications of the gadBC operon. Mol Microbiol. 2012 Nov;86(4):770-86.
19 Metabolism of glutamate and ammonia in astrocyte: an immunocytochemical study Brain Res. 1988 Aug 2;457(1):160-4. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90069-8.
20 Proline Metabolism in Cell Regulation and Cancer Biology: Recent Advances and Hypotheses

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