Details of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

General Information of DME (ID: DME0064)
DME Name UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8 (UGT1A8), Homo sapiens
Synonyms UDP-glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A8; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-H; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8; UDPGT 1-8; UGT-1H; UGT1*8; UGT1-08; UGT1.8; UGT1A8; UGT1H
Gene Name UGT1A8
UniProt ID
UD18_HUMAN
Gene ID
54576
EC Number    EC: 2.4.1.17     (Click to Show/Hide the Complete EC Tree)
Transferase
Glycosyltransferases
Hexosyltransferase
EC: 2.4.1.17
Lineage    Species: Homo sapiens     (Click to Show/Hide the Complete Species Lineage)
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens
Interactome
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       Interactions between Microbiome and DME (MICBIO)                       
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       Interactions between Xenobiotics and DME (XEOTIC)                      
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       Interactions between Host Protein and DME (HOSPPI)                     
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      Click to Show/Hide the Molecular/Functional Data (Sequence/Structure/Pathway/Function) of This DME
Sequence
MARTGWTSPIPLCVSLLLTCGFAEAGKLLVVPMDGSHWFTMQSVVEKLILRGHEVVVVMP
EVSWQLGKSLNCTVKTYSTSYTLEDLDREFMDFADAQWKAQVRSLFSLFLSSSNGFFNLF
FSHCRSLFNDRKLVEYLKESSFDAVFLDPFDACGLIVAKYFSLPSVVFARGIACHYLEEG
AQCPAPLSYVPRILLGFSDAMTFKERVRNHIMHLEEHLFCQYFSKNALEIASEILQTPVT
AYDLYSHTSIWLLRTDFVLDYPKPVMPNMIFIGGINCHQGKPLPMEFEAYINASGEHGIV
VFSLGSMVSEIPEKKAMAIADALGKIPQTVLWRYTGTRPSNLANNTILVKWLPQNDLLGH
PMTRAFITHAGSHGVYESICNGVPMVMMPLFGDQMDNAKRMETKGAGVTLNVLEMTSEDL
ENALKAVINDKSYKENIMRLSSLHKDRPVEPLDLAVFWVEFVMRHKGAPHLRPAAHDLTW
YQYHSLDVIGFLLAVVLTVAFITFKCCAYGYRKCLGKKGRVKKAHKSKTH
Pathway Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (hsa00053 )
Chemical carcinogenesis (hsa05204 )
Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450 (hsa00982 )
Drug metabolism - other enzymes (hsa00983 )
Metabolic pathways (hsa01100 )
Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 (hsa00980 )
Pentose and glucuronate interconversions (hsa00040 )
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism (hsa00860 )
Retinol metabolism (hsa00830 )
Steroid hormone biosynthesis (hsa00140 )
Function This enzyme is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Full List of Drug(s) Metabolized by This DME
      Drugs Approved by FDA Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:        29 Drugs
Darolutamide
 Drug Info Approved Prostate cancer ICD11: 2C82 [1]
Tamoxifen citrate
 Drug Info Approved Breast cancer ICD11: 2C60 [2]
Fospropofol disodium
 Drug Info Approved Monitored anaesthesia care ICD11: N.A. [3]
Mycophenolate mofetil
 Drug Info Approved Crohn disease ICD11: DD70 [4]
Aprepitant
 Drug Info Approved Functional nausea/vomiting ICD11: DD90 [5]
Mirabegron
 Drug Info Approved Overactive bladder ICD11: GC50 [6]
Opicapone
 Drug Info Approved Parkinsonism ICD11: 8A00 [7]
Formoterol
 Drug Info Approved Asthma ICD11: CA23 [8]
Lasofoxifene
 Drug Info Approved Osteoporosis ICD11: FB83 [9]
Morphine
 Drug Info Approved Anaesthesia ICD11: 8E22 [10], [11], [12]
Etravirine
 Drug Info Approved Human immunodeficiency virus infection ICD11: 1C60 [13]
Intedanib
 Drug Info Approved Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ICD11: CB03 [14]
Nalmefene
 Drug Info Approved Opiate dependence ICD11: 6C43 [15]
Propofol
 Drug Info Approved Anaesthesia ICD11: 8E22 [16]
Raloxifene
 Drug Info Approved Osteoporosis ICD11: FB83 [17]
Tramadol hydrochloride
 Drug Info Approved Neuropathic pain ICD11: 8E43 [18]
Candesartan cilexetil
 Drug Info Approved Essential hypertension ICD11: BA00 [19]
Empagliflozin
 Drug Info Approved Diabetes mellitus ICD11: 5A10 [20]
Mycophenolic acid
 Drug Info Approved Crohn disease ICD11: DD70 [10], [21]
Mycophenolic acid
 Drug Info Approved Crohn disease ICD11: DD70 [22]
Troglitazone
 Drug Info Approved Diabetes mellitus ICD11: 5A10 [23]
Bicalutamide
 Drug Info Approved Prostate cancer ICD11: 2C82 [24]
Edaravone
 Drug Info Approved Cerebral stroke ICD11: 8B11 [25]
Vorinostat
 Drug Info Approved Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma ICD11: 2B01 [26]
Fulvestrant
 Drug Info Approved Breast cancer ICD11: 2C60 [27]
Gaboxadol
 Drug Info Approved Insomnia ICD11: 7A00-7A0Z [28]
Telmisartan
 Drug Info Approved Essential hypertension ICD11: BA00 [29]
Telmisartan
 Drug Info Approved Essential hypertension ICD11: BA00 [30]
LAROPIPRANT
 Drug Info Phase 4 Atherosclerosis ICD11: BA80 [31]
      Drugs in Phase 4 Clinical Trial Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          1 Drugs
Bazedoxifene
 Drug Info Phase 4 Schizophrenia ICD11: 6A20 [32]
      Drugs in Phase 3 Clinical Trial Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          3 Drugs
AKB-6548
 Drug Info Phase 3 Anaemia ICD11: 3A90 [33]
Curcumin
 Drug Info Phase 3 Stomach cancer ICD11: 2B72 [34]
Heroin
 Drug Info Phase 3 Opiate dependence ICD11: 6C43 [35]
      Drugs in Phase 2 Clinical Trial Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          8 Drugs
Puerarin
 Drug Info Phase 2 Alcohol dependence ICD11: 6C40 [36]
BAICALEIN
 Drug Info Phase 2 Influenza virus infection ICD11: 1E30-1E32 [37]
BIA 3-202
 Drug Info Phase 2 Parkinsonism ICD11: 8A00 [38]
(Z)-endoxifen
 Drug Info Phase 2 Breast cancer ICD11: 2C60-2C6Y [39]
Endoxifen
 Drug Info Phase 2 Breast cancer ICD11: 2C60-2C6Y [39]
ABT-751
 Drug Info Phase 2 Breast cancer ICD11: 2C60 [40]
AR-67
 Drug Info Phase 2 Brain cancer ICD11: 2A00 [41]
ICI-79,280
 Drug Info Phase 2 Ductal carcinoma ICD11: 2E65 [42]
      Drugs in Phase 1 Clinical Trial Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          2 Drugs
BRN-0183227
 Drug Info Phase 1 Acute coronary syndrome ICD11: BA4Z [43]
OTSSP167
 Drug Info Phase 1 Myelodysplastic syndrome ICD11: 2A37 [44]
      Discontinued/withdrawn Drugs Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          3 Drugs
Darexaban maleate
 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 3 Acute coronary syndrome ICD11: BA41-BA43 [45]
Lexacalcitol
 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Solid tumour/cancer ICD11: 2A00-2F9Z [46], [47]
T-5224
 Drug Info Discontinued in Phase 2 Rheumatoid arthritis ICD11: FA20 [48]
      Preclinical/investigative Agents Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          7 Drugs
Eugenol
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [34]
Hydroxyestrone
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [49]
Phloretin
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [34]
Chrysin
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [34]
Cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [42]
Hydroxyestradiol
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [49]
Anthraflavic acid
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent ICD: N.A. [34]
      Experimental Enzyme Kinetic Data of Drugs Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs:          7 Drugs
Curcumin
 Drug Info Phase 3 Stomach cancer Km = 0.1 microM [34]
ICI-79,280
 Drug Info Phase 2 Ductal carcinoma Km = 0.004 microM [42]
Eugenol
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent Km = 0.0084 microM [34]
Phloretin
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent Km = 0.0068 microM [34]
Chrysin
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent Km = 0.004 microM [34]
Cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent Km = 0.0074 microM [42]
Anthraflavic acid
 Drug Info Investigative Discovery agent Km = 0.01 microM [34]
Full List of Metabolic Reactions (MR) Catalyzed by This DME
MR ID Reactant Product MR Type Source Drug REF
MR007242 ABT-751 ABT-751 glucuronide Unclear - Unclear ABT-751 [40]
MR009142 AKB-6548 Vadadustat-O-glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation AKB-6548 [33]
MR011560 AR-67 AR-67 glucuronides Unclear - Unclear AR-67 [41]
MR007264 Catechol intermediate ARQ-501 M2 Conjugation - Monoglucuronidation ARQ-501 [50]
MR008613 BAICALEIN Baicalein-7-O-glucuronide Unclear - Unclear BAICALEIN [51]
MR000349 Bazedoxifene Bazedoxifene-5-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Bazedoxifene [52]
MR000350 Bazedoxifene Bazedoxifene-4'-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Bazedoxifene [52]
MR000364 Bicalutamide S-bicalutamide-glucuronide Unclear - Unclear Bicalutamide [24], [53]
MR000362 Hydroxy(R)bicalutamide R-bicalutamide-glucuronide Unclear - Unclear Bicalutamide [24], [53]
MR003858 Hesperetin Hesperetin-sulfo-O-glucuronide Unclear - Unclear BRN-0183227 [43]
MR005294 Cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen Cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen-O-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen [42]
MR013043 Darexaban maleate Darexaban glucuronide Unclear - Unclear Darexaban maleate [54], [45]
MR000896 Edaravone Edaravone glucuronide conjugates Conjugation - Glucuronidation Edaravone [25]
MR006862 Empagliflozin Empagliflozin-2-glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation Empagliflozin [55]
MR011558 Endoxifen Endoxifen O-Glucuronide Unclear - Unclear Endoxifen [39]
MR000988 Etravirine metabolite M1 Etravirine metabolite M7 Conjugation - Glucuronidation Etravirine [56]
MR002946 Formoterol Formoterol glucuronide metabolite 1 Conjugation - O-Glucuronidation Formoterol [57], [8]
MR002947 Formoterol Formoterol glucuronide metabolite 2 Conjugation - O-Glucuronidation Formoterol [57], [8]
MR002941 O-demethylated formoterol O-demethylated formoterol glucuronide metabolite 2 Unclear - Unclear Formoterol [58], [8]
MR002942 O-demethylated formoterol O-demethylated formoterol glucuronide metabolite 1 Unclear - Unclear Formoterol [58], [8]
MR003254 4-Quinol sulfate 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole Conjugation - Glucuronidation Fospropofol [59]
MR003262 Propofol Propofol glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Fospropofol [59]
MR007850 Propofol Propofol-O-glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation Fospropofol disodium [3]
MR011092 Gaboxadol Gaboxadol-O-glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation Gaboxadol [28]
MR013332 Morphine Morphine-6-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Heroin [35]
MR007045 Hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol 4-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Hydroxyestradiol [49]
MR007046 Hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol 3-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Hydroxyestradiol [49]
MR007047 Hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone 2-glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation Hydroxyestrone [49]
MR004780 Mirabegron Mirabegron M14 metabolite Conjugation - N-glucuronidation Mirabegron [6]
MR004804 Morphine Morphine glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Morphine [10], [11], [12]
MR004815 Mycophenolate mofetil Mycophenolic acid glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Mycophenolate mofetil [4]
MR004816 Mycophenolate mofetil Mycophenolic acyl-glucuronide (AcMPAG) Conjugation - Glucuronidation Mycophenolate mofetil [4]
MR004824 Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation Mycophenolic acid [10], [21]
MR010774 Nalmefene Nalmefene 3-O-glucuronide Conjugation - O-glucuronidation Nalmefene [60]
MR008449 OTSSP167 OTS167-G Unclear - Unclear OTSSP167 [44]
MR012707 Phloretin Unclear Conjugation - Glucuronidation Phloretin [34]
MR002184 4-hydroxypropofol 1-Quinol glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Propofol [59]
MR002185 4-hydroxypropofol 4-Quinol glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Propofol [59]
MR002188 Propofol Propofol glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Propofol [59]
MR008594 Puerarin Puerarin-7-O-glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Puerarin [36]
MR010029 Raloxifene Raloxifen-4-glucoronide(M2) Conjugation - Glucuronidation Raloxifene [17], [61], [62]
MR010030 Raloxifene Raloxifene-6-bate-glucuronide(M1) Conjugation - Glucuronidation Raloxifene [17], [61]
MR010031 Raloxifene Raloxifene-6, 4-diglucuronide(M3) Conjugation - Glucuronidation Raloxifene [17], [61]
MR009352 T-5224 T-5224 G3 Conjugation - Hydroxyl O-glucosidation T-5224 [48]
MR003527 4-hydroxytamoxifen Tamoxifen glucuronides Conjugation - Glucuronidation Tamoxifen citrate [2]
MR003520 Endoxifen Tamoxifen glucuronides Conjugation - Glucuronidation Tamoxifen citrate [2]
MR003520 Endoxifen Tamoxifen glucuronides Conjugation - Glucuronidation Tamoxifen citrate [2]
MR003520 Endoxifen Tamoxifen glucuronides Conjugation - Glucuronidation Tamoxifen citrate [2]
MR002375 Telmisartan Telmisartan glucuronide Conjugation - Glucuronidation Telmisartan [63]
MR003375 O-Desmethyltramadol O-Desmethyl-tramado glucuronide metabolite Oxidation - N-Demethylation Tramadol hydrochloride [18]
MR002465 Troglitazone Troglitazone glucuronide metabolite Conjugation - Glucuronidation Troglitazone [64], [23]
MR002497 Valproic acid Valproic acid beta-O-glucuronide metabolite Oxidation - Dehydrogenation Valproic acid [59]
MR005667 Vorinostat Vorinostat-O-Glucuronide metabolite Unclear - Unclear Vorinostat [65], [26]
⏷ Show the Full List of 53 MR(s)
References
1 Drug-drug interaction potential of darolutamide: in vitro and clinical studies. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2019 Dec;44(6):747-759.
2 PharmGKB:Tamoxifen citrate
3 Metabolic Profiles of Propofol and Fospropofol: Clinical and Forensic Interpretative Aspects
4 PharmGKB summary: mycophenolic acid pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014 Jan;24(1):73-9.
5 In vitro glucuronidation of aprepitant: a moderate inhibitor of UGT2B7 Xenobiotica. 2015;45(11):990-8. doi: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1038743.
6 Identification of Uridine 5'-Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferases Responsible for the Glucuronidation of Mirabegron, a Potent and Selective (3)-Adrenoceptor Agonist, in Human Liver Microsomes
7 Metabolism and disposition of opicapone in the rat and metabolic enzymes phenotyping
8 FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist? inhalation solution
9 DrugBank(Pharmacology-Metabolism):Lasofoxifene
10 Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Oct;92(4):414-7. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.96.
11 Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of morphine in neonates: A review
12 Morphine metabolism, transport and brain disposition
13 Biotransformation of the antiretroviral drug etravirine: metabolite identification, reaction phenotyping, and characterization of autoinduction of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Apr;40(4):803-14.
14 Characterization of Enzymes Involved in Nintedanib Metabolism in Humans
15 Ema.europa:Nalmefene
16 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. doi: 10.2174/092986709789057635.
17 Raloxifene glucuronidation in liver and intestinal microsomes of humans and monkeys: contribution of UGT1A1, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9
18 DrugBank : Tramadol hydrochloride
19 The human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A3 is highly selective towards N2 in the tetrazole ring of losartan, candesartan, and zolarsartan Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Sep 15;76(6):763-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.006.
20 Empagliflozin (Jardiance): a novel SGLT2 inhibitor for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. P T. 2015 Jun;40(6):364-8.
21 The main role of UGT1A9 in the hepatic metabolism of mycophenolic acid and the effects of naturally occurring variants
22 Identification of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in mycophenolic acid phase II metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jan;33(1):139-46.
23 Troglitazone glucuronidation in human liver and intestine microsomes: high catalytic activity of UGT1A8 and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Dec;30(12):1462-9.
24 Enantiomer selective glucuronidation of the non-steroidal pure anti-androgen bicalutamide by human liver and kidney: role of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A9 enzyme Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013 Aug;113(2):92-102. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12071.
25 LABEL:ADICAVA- edaravone injection RADICAVA ORS- edaravone kit
26 Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and response to cancer chemotherapy. Future Oncol. 2010 Apr;6(4):563-85.
27 Inactivation of the pure antiestrogen fulvestrant and other synthetic estrogen molecules by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A enzymes expressed in breast tissue. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Mar;69(3):908-20.
28 Metabolism and renal elimination of gaboxadol in humans: role of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and transporters
29 Characterization of in vitro glucuronidation clearance of a range of drugs in human kidney microsomes: comparison with liver and intestinal glucuronidation and impact of albumin Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Apr;40(4):825-35. doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.043984.
30 In vitro glucuronidation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan in the cat: a comparison with other species
31 Metabolism of MK-0524, a prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 antagonist, in microsomes and hepatocytes from preclinical species and humans
32 UGT1A1*28 polymorphism influences glucuronidation of bazedoxifene Pharmazie. 2015 Feb;70(2):94-6.
33 DrugBank(Pharmacology-Metabolism):AKB-6548
34 Differential and special properties of the major human UGT1-encoded gastrointestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases enhance potential to control chemical uptake. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 9;279(2):1429-41.
35 PharmGKB:Heroin
36 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 is the principal enzyme responsible for puerarin metabolism in human liver microsomes
37 Involvement of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in the extensive liver and intestinal first-pass metabolism of flavonoid baicalein
38 Human metabolism of nebicapone (BIA 3-202), a novel catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibitor: characterization of in vitro glucuronidation
39 Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen and endoxifen
40 Preclinical discovery of candidate genes to guide pharmacogenetics during phase I development: the example of the novel anticancer agent ABT-751. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2013 Jul;23(7):374-81.
41 Metabolic pathways of the camptothecin analog AR-67
42 Glucuronidation of active tamoxifen metabolites by the human UDP glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2006-14.
43 Stratification of Volunteers According to Flavanone Metabolite Excretion and Phase II Metabolism Profile after Single Doses of 'Pera' Orange and 'Moro' Blood Orange Juices
44 Glucuronidation of OTS167 in Humans Is Catalyzed by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10
45 Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the glucuronidation of darexaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, in human liver and intestine
46 Metabolism of 1,8-cineole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes: identification of a new hydroxylated metabolite. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Apr 15;1722(3):304-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.12.019.
47 Performance comparison between multienzymes loaded single and dual electrodes for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of adenosine and metabolites in cancerous cells. Biosens Bioelectron. 2018 Jun 30;109:263-271. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.031.
48 Metabolism of the c-Fos/activator protein-1 inhibitor T-5224 by multiple human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms
49 Structural and functional studies of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Rev. 1999 Nov;31(4):817-99.
50 Metabolic profile, enzyme kinetics, and reaction phenotyping of -lapachone metabolism in human liver and intestine in vitro
51 Hepatic metabolism and disposition of baicalein via the coupling of conjugation enzymes and transporters-in vitro and in vivo evidences
52 UGT1A1*28 polymorphism influences glucuronidation of bazedoxifene. Pharmazie. 2015 Feb;70(2):94-6.
53 Dailymed:Bicalutamide
54 Absorption, metabolism and excretion of darexaban (YM150), a new direct factor Xa inhibitor in humans
55 Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease
56 Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etravirine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2009;48(9):561-74.
57 Mass balance and metabolism of [(3)H]Formoterol in healthy men after combined i.v. and oral administration-mimicking inhalation Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Oct;27(10):1104-16.
58 DrugBank : Formoterol
59 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
60 Isolation of a novel morphinan 3-O-diglucuronide metabolite from dog urine
61 Determination of raloxifene and its glucuronides in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay
62 Pharmacokinetics of raloxifene and its clinical application
63 Characterization of in vitro glucuronidation clearance of a range of drugs in human kidney microsomes: comparison with liver and intestinal glucuronidation and impact of albumin. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Apr;40(4):825-35.
64 Clinical pharmacokinetics of troglitazone Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999 Aug;37(2):91-104. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199937020-00001.
65 Stability studies of vorinostat and its two metabolites in human plasma, serum and urine

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